Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy is a broad term used to describe brain dysfunction resulting from various underlying conditions. It can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (developing over time), and commonly impacts memory, thinking, behavior, consciousness, or motor coordination. Importantly, encephalopathy is not a single disease but a clinical syndrome with many possible causes.

Causes of Encephalopathy

The underlying cause varies based on the type of encephalopathy. Common contributing factors include:

• Lack of oxygen to the brain (hypoxic encephalopathy)
• Infections such as viral or bacterial encephalitis
• Toxin buildup in the body, such as elevated ammonia levels in liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy)
• Metabolic imbalances, including severe low or high blood sugar (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia)
• Chronic kidney failure (uremic encephalopathy)
• Long-term alcohol or substance abuse
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  

Common Signs and Symptoms of Encephalopathy

Symptoms of encephalopathy can vary in severity depending on the cause and extent of brain involvement. Typical signs include:

• Confusion or altered mental status
• Personality or behavioral changes
• Difficulty with speech, memory, or concentration
• Muscle twitching or involuntary movements
• Seizures
• Drowsiness, lethargy, or reduced responsiveness
• Problems with gait, balance, or coordination
• In severe cases: loss of consciousness or coma